Space debris has become a prominent issue in orbit, along with the growing number of satellites launched on a regular basis. Old satellites, fragments left by collisions, and uncontrolled objects are increasing. Collision avoidance becomes an essential part of planning to ensure the safety of the mission. Even a minor collision can result in the loss of the satellite and the creation of new debris in orbit.
Satellite loss leads to financial setbacks, missing data, mission failure, service disruptions, and other risks for the company. That is why thrusters play a bigger role these days. Modern propulsion systems not only maintain the orbit but also deliver rapid and effective maneuvers for collision avoidance. They protect the satellite and help to save the mission.
Why Low-Thrust Propulsion Systems Limit Collision Avoidance Capabilities
Many propulsion systems for small satellites are designed to be small and consume little energy. However, these systems have a major drawback, namely, low thrust.
For the purpose of collision avoidance, it becomes a problem. More time is required to perform the maneuver if the thrust is low. As a result, the opportunity to prevent potentially dangerous situations is lost.
This is particularly important during conjunction events. The situations in which there is a risk of collision with another object in orbit. Low-thrust propulsion systems face serious complications:
- orbit correction happens too slowly;
- the window of opportunity for the maneuver becomes longer;
- operators have less flexibility for decision-making.
On top of that, slow maneuvers extend the workload on the mission team. The situation has to be monitored, trajectories recalculated, and any uncertainties taken into account by specialists. All of these factors complicate mission control and increase risks.
Higher Thrust Water Propulsion for Faster Collision Avoidance Maneuvers
One of the solutions for the collision avoidance is higher thrust water propulsion systems. These thrusters allow for faster maneuvers. They respond more effectively to potential threats in orbit.
In these systems, water is used as a propellant, offering several important advantages over traditional chemical alternatives. Firstly, water is non-toxic, which means that handling and operating the propulsion unit becomes easier and safer for mission teams. Secondly, satellite storage, transportation, and refueling procedures require fewer safety constraints. The integration process is also more straightforward, reducing overall operational complexity.
High thrust is one of the main advantages of these systems. It allows for quick orbit change and reduction of the time required to perform the maneuver. Higher thrust systems are essential when the collision warning is issued too late. If the propulsion system’s response is swift, the likelihood of safely avoiding a collision without significantly impacting the mission is greater.
Low-Thrust vs Higher thrust Systems for Collision Avoidance
Parameter | Low-Thrust System | Higher Thrust Water System |
|---|---|---|
Maneuver response time | Slow | Much faster |
Orbit correction speed | Limited | Rapid |
Flexibility during conjunction events | Lower | Higher |
Collision avoidance efficiency | Moderate | High |
Operational complexity | Higher | Lower |
Propellant safety | Depends on propellant | Non-toxic water |
Integration constraints | More restrictive | Simpler integration |
End-of-life deorbit capability | Limited | Supported |
Operational Advantages of Water Propulsion Beyond Collision Avoidance
Collision avoidance is not the only benefit of water propulsion systems. They provide the satellite with enhanced functionality for effective operations during the entire mission.
- Improved orbit control for the satellite. Operators can perform necessary corrections more quickly and precisely to maintain the correct position.
- Refined flexibility in managing satellite constellations. This is particularly significant for constellations where it is necessary to coordinate a large number of satellites in orbit.
Furthermore, the same propulsion system may be used for collision avoidance and end-of-life controlled deorbit. This reduces the number of systems on board and simplifies the satellite’s design. Also, operational complexity is decreased compared to hazardous propellants. Since water is non-toxic, the processes involved in its preparation, transportation, and use require fewer restrictions and safety measures.
Collision avoidance becomes the standard requirement for modern satellite missions. Rapid maneuverability is a major benefit for operators and allows for mitigating in-orbit risks. Higher thrust water propulsion systems enable more effective satellite protection, ensuring mission stability and simplifying operational processes.
About SteamJet Space Systems
SteamJet Space Systems is a leading UK-based provider of high-performance satellite propulsion solutions. We specialise in water-based thrusters designed specifically for CubeSats and Small Satellites (SmallSats), with a strong focus on water-based thruster safety.
By pioneering the use of green propellants and intelligent thermal engineering, SteamJet enables complex LEO (Low Earth Orbit) manoeuvres — including orbital maintenance, collision avoidance, and de-orbiting — without the risks associated with toxic hydrazine or high-pressure cold gas systems, advancing green propulsion for space missions.
Steamjet Propulsion Technology
Our modular systems are engineered for seamless integration and maximum safety compliance:
- Steam TunaCan Thruster: A compact, high-efficiency solution for 1U-3U CubeSats.
- Steam TunaTank Thruster: A safe, high-performance electrothermal propulsion system.
- Steam Thruster One: Scalable propulsion for larger SmallSat constellations.
Discover how SteamJet’s sustainable space propulsion innovations are providing the safety and reliability required for the next generation of crewed and robotic missions. Contact our engineering team for technical specifications and ICDs.