5G satellite networks and future 6G services grow rapidly, which leads to higher demand for the accuracy of satellites in orbit. Even minor deviations may alter the communication quality; thus stationkeeping, maintaining the satellite in the correct position, is an important task. To perform precise and effective stationkeeping, satellites need propulsion systems capable of regularly maintaining their orbits.
What Is Stationkeeping in Satellite Operations?
Stationkeeping is the process of keeping a satellite at a specific point in its orbit by performing small corrective manoeuvres. Unlike initial orbital insertion or daily attitude control (orientation), stationkeeping specifically focuses on maintaining the satellite’s geographic and spatial position over time. . It is necessary for a stable signal, reliable communication, and preventing interference between satellites. On top of that, stationkeeping helps to comply with orbital requirements, coordinate satellite constellations, and prolong the service life of the satellite. In order to do this, the satellites regularly perform different types of corrections: for latitude, longitude, and orbital altitude.
Why 5G/6G Satellites Demand Higher Orbital Precision
Modern satellite networks for 5G and future 6G services are not similar to traditional telecommunication networks. Big GEO-satellites are used to provide communications. Today, there is a greater dependence on large constellations of satellites in LEO and MEO orbits. As a result, the orbit becomes more congested, and satellite manoeuvres become more complicated.
High-frequency communication bands, such as Ka-band, V-band, and the future 6G band, require precise satellite position. These systems utilise high-frequency bands with highly directional, narrow communication beams, making them exceptionally sensitive to pointing and positioning deviations. Furthermore, modern satellites have to regularly perform orbital corrections, coordinate satellite constellations, avoid collisions, and compensate for the effects of atmospheric drag in low Earth orbit.
The Propulsion Challenge Behind Continuous Stationkeeping
Continuous stationkeeping requires a propulsion system, and for each orbital correction, some amount of propellant is used. At the same time, the precision of the manoeuvres depends directly on how precisely the thruster can control thrust.
Traditional propulsion systems are often difficult to operate. They use toxic propellant, necessitate an expensive integration process, and take up a lot of space, which is particularly critical for small satellites. In addition, such systems provide a limited number of manoeuvres.
Thus, new age satellite constellations need efficient systems with lower thrust that work well for frequent small corrections to ensure stable performance over a long period of time. They also have to be easy to scale for large satellite constellations.
Stationkeeping Economics in Large Satellite Constellations
When the satellite deviates from its orbit, it inevitably affects the coverage quality, increases collision risk, and reduces connection stability. Large satellite constellations face significant operational challenges in the case of even a small deviation.
The propulsion system allows for effective propellant usage and extends satellite service life. It reduces the need for recurrent equipment replacement, simplifies the management of large satellite fleets, and lowers the overall operating costs of the entire constellation.
Stationkeeping and Space Sustainability
Precise stationkeeping helps to prevent risks in the orbit because satellites avoid collisions and operate safely in constellations. This is particularly important given the growing number of satellites and the increasing congestion in orbit.
In addition to its role during the mission, the propulsion system is also important at the end of the satellite’s service life. It supports the controlled deorbit and compliance with space debris requirements. For future telecommunications networks, sustainability and zero-debris strategies are becoming increasingly important, and efficient propulsion systems play a key role in this regard.
Water-Based Electrothermal Propulsion For Future Telecom Constellations
This type of propulsion system is one of the most efficient solutions for future telecom satellite constellations. It allows for precise orbit correction with low complexity and safe operation. Water-based propulsion systems fit perfectly for frequent manoeuvres, and they reduce mission costs. On top of that, they support a more sustainable approach to the operation of large satellite constellations.
Comparison: Traditional Satellite Propulsion vs. Water-Based Systems
Propulsion Type | Propellant Hazard | System Pressure | Multi-Manoeuvre Capability | Constellation Scalability |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Hydrazine (Monopropellant) | High (Toxic/Carcinogenic) | High | High | Low (Expensive integration) |
Cold Gas | Low (Inert) | Extremely High | Moderate | Moderate (Heavy tanks) |
Water Electrothermal (SteamJet) | None (Green/Safe) | Low (Stored as liquid) | High (Precise impulses) | High (Plug-and-play) |
About SteamJet Space Systems
SteamJet Space Systems is a leading UK-based provider of high-performance satellite propulsion solutions. We specialise in water-based thrusters designed specifically for CubeSats and Small Satellites (SmallSats), with a strong focus on water-based thruster safety.
By pioneering the use of green propellants and intelligent thermal engineering, SteamJet enables complex LEO (Low Earth Orbit) manoeuvres — including orbital maintenance, collision avoidance, and de-orbiting — without the risks associated with toxic hydrazine or high-pressure cold gas systems, advancing green propulsion for space missions.
Steamjet Propulsion Technology
Our modular systems are engineered for seamless integration and maximum safety compliance:
Steam TunaCan Thruster: A compact, high-efficiency solution for 1U-3U CubeSats.
Steam TunaTank Thruster: A safe, high-performance electrothermal propulsion system.
Steam Thruster One: Scalable propulsion for larger SmallSat constellations.
Discover how SteamJet’s sustainable space propulsion innovations are providing the safety and reliability required for the next generation of crewed and robotic missions. Contact our engineering team for technical specifications and ICDs.